Los componentes de las Declaraciones de Derechos. Los sujetos

Siguiendo el magisterio de Miguel Artola en la obra citada en otros artículos de este blog, y que lleva por título, Los derechos del hombre, explicamos que las Declaraciones de Derechos son textos políticos con tres elementos, sujetos, derechos y actores. En este artículos nos centraremos en los sujetos.
Se entiende como sujeto en una Declaración de Derechos al individuo o individuos que se beneficia o benefician del derecho. Los sujetos pueden ser tres:
1.1. La totalidad de la comunidad de un Estado. Es el caso de la "people" en las Declaraciones norteamericanas. Es el colectivo de cada Estado. En el caso de las Declaraciones europeas no existe el sujeto "people", pero vendría a reconocerse en la soberanía nacional o popular. Tenemos que tener en cuenta que estamos comparando unas Declaraciones de Estados que quieren afirmar su autogobierno frente a una potencia colonial, con países que están realizando revoluciones contra el absolutismo.
1.2. Sujeto plural. Hay acciones que sólo se pueden realizar por un conjunto de individuos. Pensemos, por ejemplo, en el derecho de reunión. Es un derecho que exige el concurso de varios ciudadanos, aunque sean pocos. Un sujeto no se reúne consigo mismo.
1.3. Sujeto individual, y que se entiende como persona física. Hay denominaciones distintas en las Declaraciones: hombre, ciudadano, ciudadano activo, español y ciudadano, etc.. Estas distinciones tienen una intencionalidad política clara. Pensemos, por ejemplo, en el último caso. En la Constitución de Cádiz se distingue entre español y ciudadano para excluir del derecho a sufragio a los mulatos. El ciudadano activo, por poner otro ejemplo, se refiere al que tiene derecho al sufragio, ya que no todos los ciudadanos lo tuvieron siempre. Cuando aparece, estaríamos ante un texto constitucional que establece el sufragio censitario

Las primeras enmiendas de la Constituciónd e Estados Unidos

Las primeras enmiendas de la Constitución de Estados Unidos:
Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Article II. A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
Article III. No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Article V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
Article VII. In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
{Proposal and Ratification: The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States (and two others, one of which failed of ratification and the other which later became the 27th amendment) were proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the First Congress on September 25, 1789. The first ten amendments were ratified by the following States, and the notifications of ratification by the Governors thereof were successively communicated by the President to Congress: New Jersey, November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 1790; New Hampshire, January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; New York, February 24, 1790; Pennsylvania, March 10, 1790; Rhode Island, June 7, 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791; and Virginia, December 15, 1791.
Ratification was completed on December 15, 1791. The amendments were subsequently ratified by the legislatures of Massachusetts, March 2, 1939; Georgia, March 18, 1939; and Connecticut, April 19, 1939.}
http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/USA/amendments.html